Lumbar Spondylolisthesis

What is Lumbar Spondylolisthesis?
The term spondylolisthesis comes from Greek and Latin roots:

• Spondylo- – From the Greek word spondylos (σπόνδυλος), meaning "vertebra" or "spinal bone."

• Listhesis – From the Greek word olisthesis (ὀλίσθησις), meaning "slipping" or "sliding."

Thus, lumbar spondylolisthesis literally means "slipping of a vertebra in the lower back." It describes the condition where a vertebra shifts forward over the one beneath it. This can lead to back pain, nerve compression, and mobility issues.

Types of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis:

1. Congenital Spondylolisthesis: Present at birth due to abnormal spinal formation.

2. Isthmic Spondylolisthesis: Caused by a small fracture in the vertebra, often due to repetitive stress.

3. Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: Common in older adults due to aging and degeneration of spinal discs and joints.

4. Traumatic Spondylolisthesis: Resulting from sudden injury or trauma to the spine.

5. Pathologic Spondylolisthesis: Occurs due to underlying diseases like tumors or osteoporosis.

Causes:

• Aging and degenerative changes in the spine

• Repetitive stress or trauma

• Congenital spinal abnormalities

• Weakening of the vertebral joints and ligaments

Symptoms:

• Lower back pain

• Stiffness and reduced flexibility

• Pain radiating to the buttocks and legs

• Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs (if nerves are affected)

• Difficulty standing or walking for long periods

Diagnosis:
A healthcare provider may diagnose lumbar spondylolisthesis using:

• Medical history and physical examination

• X-rays to check for vertebral slippage

• MRI or CT scan to assess nerve involvement

Treatment Options:

1. Non-Surgical Treatments:

   • Activity modification and rest

   • Physical therapy to improve strength and flexibility

   • Pain relief with anti-inflammatory medications

   • Epidural steroid injections for nerve-related pain

   • Use of a back brace for additional support

2. Surgical Treatments:

   • Recommended for severe or worsening cases

   • Spinal fusion surgery to stabilize the vertebrae

   • Decompression surgery to relieve nerve pressure

Self-Care & Prevention:

• Maintain a healthy weight

• Engage in core-strengthening and flexibility exercises

• Practice good posture and body mechanics

• Avoid excessive heavy lifting or repetitive strain on the lower back

When to See a Doctor:

• Persistent or worsening pain despite treatment

• Difficulty walking or standing due to leg weakness

• Loss of bladder or bowel control (seek emergency care)